Blockchain Technology (CS 702) - Semester 7 BTech IT at SVC

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Overview

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Why it matters

Bitcoin, Ethereum, NFTs, DeFi — blockchain is revolutionizing finance, supply chain, voting systems, digital ownership. Understanding decentralization, smart contracts, and crypto is essential for Web3.

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Placement relevance

Blockchain Developer roles at crypto startups, fintech. Smart contract auditors. Web3 companies (Coinbase, Binance). ₹20-50 LPA for blockchain specialists. Growing rapidly.

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Prerequisites for

Cryptocurrency Development · Smart Contract Development · DeFi · NFT Platforms · Web3 Development · Decentralized Systems

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Recommended books

Mastering Blockchain by Imran Bashir · Mastering Ethereum by Andreas Antonopoulos · Blockchain Basics by Daniel Drescher · The Bitcoin Standard by Saifedean Ammous

Curriculum — 4 Units

U1

Unit 1 · 7 Topics · 0% complete

Blockchain Fundamentals

⚡ Key Formulae

Block Hash:Hash = SHA-256(prev_hash + data + nonce)

Merkle Root:Root of binary hash tree (verifies transaction inclusion)

Distributed Ledger Technology

Blocks & Transactions

Hashing (SHA-256)

Merkle Trees

Mining & Proof of Work

Public vs Private Blockchains

Bitcoin Architecture

U2

Unit 2 · 7 Topics · 0% complete

Consensus Mechanisms

⚡ Key Formulae

PoW:Find nonce: Hash(block) < target (computational puzzle)

PoS:Validators chosen by stake (no mining, energy efficient)

Proof of Work (PoW)

Proof of Stake (PoS)

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)

Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)

Mining Process

51% Attack

Fork Types (Hard, Soft)

U3

Unit 3 · 7 Topics · 0% complete

Smart Contracts & Ethereum

⚡ Key Formulae

Gas:Transaction cost = gas_used × gas_price (in Gwei)

ERC-20:Standard interface for fungible tokens (transfer, balanceOf, approve)

Ethereum Architecture

Solidity Programming

Smart Contracts Basics

Gas & Transaction Fees

ERC-20 (Fungible Tokens)

ERC-721 (NFTs)

Decentralized Applications (DApps)

U4

Unit 4 · 7 Topics · 0% complete

Advanced Topics & Applications

⚡ Key Formulae

NFT:Unique token (ERC-721): one-of-a-kind digital asset

Layer 2:Off-chain processing → on-chain settlement (scalability)

DeFi (Decentralized Finance)

NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens)

DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations)

Hyperledger Fabric

Supply Chain on Blockchain

Security & Vulnerabilities

Scalability Solutions (Layer 2)

Previous Year Questions

Unit 12023 · End Semester10 marks

Explain blockchain structure with Merkle trees. Given 4 transactions [Tx1, Tx2, Tx3, Tx4], construct the Merkle tree and calculate the root hash. How does it help in verification?

Unit 22023 · End Semester8 marks

Compare Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS). Which is more energy efficient? Explain mining process in PoW with difficulty adjustment.

Unit 32022 · End Semester6 marks

Write a simple Solidity smart contract for a voting system. Include functions: addCandidate(), vote(), getWinner(). Explain gas cost concept.

Exam Strategy

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Merkle tree construction

Practice building Merkle trees with 4-8 transactions. Show hash calculations at each level. Explain verification process (only log(n) hashes needed).

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Consensus mechanisms

PoW vs PoS comparison table. Energy consumption, security (51% attack), speed. Bitcoin (PoW) vs Ethereum 2.0 (PoS). Always asked.

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Write Solidity code

Simple smart contracts expected: voting, auction, token transfer. Know function syntax, modifiers, events. Gas optimization tips earn bonus marks.

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